Stijlgids

Meest gebruikte tags

Bovenaan het edit form staan enkele knoppen die de tags voor jou invullen, heel handig !

Indeling tags

• == header 1 == Een hoofd-header
• === header 2 === Een sub-header
• ==== header 3 ==== Een sub-sub-header
• * Een 'bullet' list (zoals deze)
• # Een numbered list
• ** Een sub-'bullet' list
• *# Een number list in een bullet list

Layout tags

• '''Bold text''' Vet
• ''Italic text'' Cursief
• <spatie voor elke zin> Creeert een kadertje
• <nowiki></nowiki> Geen wiki markup hierin, handig voor code enzo

The wiki markup

In the left column of the table below, you can see what effects are possible. In the right column, you can see how those effects were achieved. In other words, to make text look like it looks in the left column, type it in the format you see in the right column.

You may want to keep this page open in a separate browser window for reference. If you want to try out things without danger of doing any harm, you can do so in the Sandbox.

Sections, paragraphs, lists and lines

What it looks like	What you type
Start your sections with header lines: New section Subsection Sub-subsection	== New section == === Subsection === ==== Sub-subsection ====
Newline: A single newline has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph. (<p> disables this paragraphing until </p> or the end of the section) (in Cologne Blue two newlines and a div tag give just one newline; in the order newline, div tag, newline, the result is two newlines)	A single newline has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph.
You can break lines without starting a new paragraph. Sufficient as wikitext code is <br>, the XHTML code <br /> is not needed, the system produces this code.	You can break lines<br> without starting a new paragraph.
Lists are easy to do: start every line with a star more stars means deeper levels A newline in a list marks the end of the list. Of course you can start again.	* Lists are easy to do: ** start every line with a star *** more stars means deeper levels *A newline *in a list marks the end of the list. *Of course *you can *start again.
Numbered lists are also good very organized easy to follow A newline in a list marks the end of the list. New numbering starts with 1.	# Numbered lists are also good ## very organized ## easy to follow #A newline #in a list marks the end of the list. #New numbering starts #with 1.
You can even do mixed lists and nest them like this or have newlines inside lists	* You can even do mixed lists *# and nest them *#* like this<br>or have newlines<br>inside lists
You can also break lines inside lists like this	* You can also **break lines<br>inside lists<br>like this
Definition list list of definitions item the item's definition	; Definition list : list of definitions ; item : the item's definition
A colon indents a line or paragraph. A manual newline starts a new paragraph. This is primarily for displayed material, but is also used for discussion on Talk pages.	: A colon indents a line or paragraph. A manual newline starts a new paragraph.
IF a line of plain text starts with a space THEN it will be formatted exactly as typed; in a fixed-width font; lines won't wrap; ENDIF this is useful for: * pasting preformatted text; * algorithm descriptions; * program source code * ASCII art; * chemical structures; WARNING If you make it wide, you force the whole page to be wide and hence less readable. Never start ordinary lines with spaces. (see also below)	IF a line of plain text starts with a space THEN it will be formatted exactly as typed; in a fixed-width font; lines won't wrap; ENDIF this is useful for: * pasting preformatted text; * algorithm descriptions; * program source code * ASCII art; * chemical structures;
Centered text.	<center>Centered text.</center>
A horizontal dividing line: above and below. Mainly useful for separating threads on Talk pages.	A horizontal dividing line: above ---- and below.

Summarizing the effect of a single newline: no effect in general, but it ends a list item or indented part; thus changing some text into a list item, or indenting it, is more cumbersome if it contains newlines, they have to be removed; see also w:Wikipedia:Don't use line breaks.

Links, URLs

What it looks like	What you type
Sue is reading the video policy. First letter of target is automatically capitalized. Internally spaces are automatically represented as underscores (typing an underscore has the same effect as typing a space, but is not recommended). Thus the link above is to http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_policy, which is the page with the name "Video policy".	Sue is reading the [[video policy]].
Link to a section on a page, e.g. List_of_cities_by_country#Morocco; when section editing does not work the link is treated as link to the page, i.e. to the top; this applies for: links to non-existent sections links in redirects interwiki links	[[List_of_cities_by_country#Morocco]].
Link target and link label are different: answers. (This is called a piped link).	Same target, different name: [[User:Larry Sanger|answers]]
Endings are blended into the link: official positions, genes	Endings are blended into the link: [[official position]]s, [[gene]]s
Automatically hide stuff in parentheses: kingdom. Automatically hide namespace: Village pump. The server fills in the part after the | when you save the page. Next time you open the edit box you will see the expanded piped link. A preview interprets the abbreviated form correctly, but does not expand it yet in the edit box. Press Save and again Edit, and you will see the expanded version. The same applies for the following feature.	Automatically hide stuff in parentheses: [[kingdom (biology)|]]. Automatically hide namespace: [[Wikipedia:Village pump|]].
When adding a comment to a Talk page, you should sign it. You can do this by adding three tildes for your user name: Karl Wick or four for user name plus date/time: Karl Wick 08:10 Oct 5, 2002 (UTC)	When adding a comment to a Talk page, you should sign it. You can do this by adding three tildes for your user name: : ~~~ or four for user name plus date/time: : ~~~~
The weather in London is a page that doesn't exist yet. You can create it by clicking on the link. To create a new page: Create a link to it on some other page. Save that page. Click on the link you just made. The new page will open for editing. Have a look at how to start a page guide and the naming conventions page for your project.	[[The weather in London]] is a page that doesn't exist yet.
Redirect one article title to another by putting text like this in its first line.	#REDIRECT [[United States]]
A link to the page on the same subject in another language or, more generally, to a page on another wiki: fr:Wikipédia:Aide. For more info see MediaWiki User's Guide: Interwiki linking.	[[fr:Wikipédia:Aide]], [[:fr:Wikipédia:Aide]]
"What links here" and "Related changes" can be linked as: Special:Whatlinkshere/Wikipedia:How to edit a page and Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:How to edit a page	[[Special:Whatlinkshere/ Wikipedia:How to edit a page]] and [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/ Wikipedia:How to edit a page]]
External links: Nupedia, [1]	External links: [http://www.nupedia.com Nupedia], [http://www.nupedia.com]
Or just give the URL: http://www.nupedia.com. In the URL all symbols must be among: A-Z a-z 0-9 ._\/~%-+&#?!=()@ \x80-\xFF. If a URL contains a different character it should be converted; for example, ^ has to be written %5E (to be looked up in ASCII). A blank space can also be converted into an underscore.	Or just give the URL: http://www.nupedia.com.
To link to books, you can use ISBN links. ISBN 0123456789X See Help:ISBN links	ISBN 0123456789X
Link to Request for Comments: RFC 123 (URL specified in mediawiki:Rfcurl)	RFC 123
To include links to non-image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link. Sound	[[media:Sg_mrob.ogg|Sound]]
Use links for dates, so everyone can set their own display order. Use Special:Preferences to change your own date display setting.	[[July 20]], [[1969]] , [[20 July]] [[1969]] and [[1969]]-[[07-20]] will all appear as 20 July 1969 if you set your date display preference to 1 January 2001.

Images

What it looks like	What you type
A picture: For many projects, only images that have been uploaded to the same project can be used. To upload images, use the upload page. You can find the uploaded image on the image list	A picture: [[Image:Wiki.png]] or, with alternate text (strongly encouraged) [[Image:Wiki.png|Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia]] Web browsers render alternate text when not displaying an image -- for example, when the image isn't loaded, or in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud. See Alternate text for images for help on choosing alternate text. See Extended image syntax for more options.
Clicking on an uploaded image displays a description page, which you can also link directly to: Image:Wiki.png	[[:Image:Wiki.png]]
To include links to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link. Image of a Tornado	[[media:Tornado.jpg|Image of a Tornado]]

Character formatting

What it looks like	What you type
Emphasize, strongly, very strongly. These are double and triple apostrophes, not double quotes.	''Emphasize'', '''strongly''', '''''very strongly'''''.
You can also write italic and bold if the desired effect is a specific font style rather than emphasis, as in mathematical formulae: F = ma However, the difference between these two methods is not very important for graphical browsers, and many people choose to ignore it.	You can also write <i>italic</i> and <b>bold</b> if the desired effect is a specific font style rather than emphasis, as in mathematical formulas: :<b>F</b> = <i>m</i><b>a</b>
A typewriter font for technical terms.	A typewriter font for <tt>technical terms</tt>.
You can use small text for captions.	You can use <small>small text</small> for captions.
You can strike out deleted material and underline new material.	You can <strike>strike out deleted material</strike> and <u>underline new material</u>.
Punctuation: ¿ ¡ « » § ¶ † ‡ • —	&iquest; &iexcl; &laquo; &raquo; &sect; &para; &dagger; &Dagger; &bull; &mdash;
Commercial symbols: ™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤	&trade; &copy; &reg; &cent; &euro; &yen; &pound; &curren;
Subscript: x2 Superscript: x2 or x² To space things out, use non-breaking spaces - &nbsp;. &nbsp; also prevents line breaks in the middle of text, this is useful in formulas.	<i>x</i><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;&ge;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 true.
For comparison for the following examples: arrow → italics link	arrow &rarr; ''italics'' [[link]]
Use <nowiki> to suppress interpretation of wiki markup, but interpret character references and remove newlines and multiple spaces: arrow → ''italics'' [[link]]	<nowiki>arrow &rarr; ''italics'' [[link]]</nowiki>
Use <pre> to suppress interpretation of wiki markup and keep newlines and multiple spaces, and get typewriter font, but interpret character references: arrow → ''italics'' [[link]]	<nowiki><pre>arrow &rarr; ''italics'' [[link]] </nowiki>
Use leading space on each line to keep newlines and multiple spaces, and get typewriter font: arrow → italics link	arrow &rarr; ''italics'' [[link]]
Use typewriter font: arrow → italics link	<tt>arrow &rarr;</tt> <tt>''italics''</tt> <tt>[[link]]</tt>
Show character references: &rarr;	&amp;rarr;
Commenting page source: not shown in page Used to leave comments in a page for future editors.	<!-- comment here -->

HTML Tables

HTML tables can be quite useful as well. For details on how to use them and discussion about when they are appropriate, see m:Help:Table.

Wiskundige Formules

MediaWiki uses TeX markup for mathematical formulae. It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression. In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases.

Math markup goes inside <math> ... </math>. The edit toolbar has a button for this.

The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or css. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. The css selector of the images is img.tex.

In the case of a non-white page background, the white background of the formula effectively highlights it, which can be an advantage or a disadvantage.

One may want to avoid using TeX markup as part of a line of regular text, as the formulae don't align properly and the font size, as said, usually does not match.

The alt attribute of the TeX images (the text that shows up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <math> and </math>.

Discussion, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.

General

Spaces and newlines are ignored. Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \mbox: <math>\mbox{abc}</math> gives $\text{abc}$

Line breaks help keep the wikitext clear, for instance, a line break after each term or matrix row.

Functions, symbols, special characters

For producing special characters without math tags, see Help:Special characters.

Comparison:

• &alpha; gives α, <math>\alpha</math> gives $\alpha$ ("&" and ";" vs. "\", in this case the same code word "alpha"
• &radic;2 gives √2, <math>\sqrt{2}</math> gives $\sqrt{2}$ (the same difference as above, but also another code word, "radic" vs. "sqrt"; in TeX braces)
• &radic;(1-''e''&sup2;) gives √(1-e²), <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math> gives $\sqrt{1-e^2}$ (parentheses vs. braces, "''e''" vs. "e", "&sup2;" vs. "^2")

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Accents/Diacritics	\acute{a} \quad \grave{a} \quad \breve{a} \quad \check{a} \quad \tilde{a}	$\acute{a}\stackrel{`}{a}\breve{a}\check{a}\tilde{a}$
Std. functions (good)	\sin x + \ln y +\operatorname{sgn} z \sin a \ \cos b \ \tan c \ \cot d \ \sec e \ \csc f \sinh g \ \cosh h \ \tanh i \ \coth j \arcsin k \ \arccos l \ \arctan m \lim n \ \limsup o \ \liminf p \min q \ \max r \ \inf s \ \sup t \exp u \ \lg v \ \log w \ker x \ \deg x \gcd x \Pr x \ \det x \hom x \ \arg x \dim x	$\sin x+\ln y+\mathrm{sgn}z$ $\sin a\cos b\tan c\cot d\sec e\csc f$ $\sinh g\cosh h\tanh i\coth j$ $\arcsin k\arccos l\arctan m$ $\lim n\mathrm{lim\; sup}o\mathrm{lim\; inf}p$ $\min q\max r\inf s\sup t$ $\exp u\lg v\log w$ $\ker x\mathrm{deg}x\gcd x\mathrm{Pr}x\det x\mathrm{hom}x\arg x\dim x$
Std. functions (wrong)	sin x + ln y + sgn z	$sinx+lny+sgnz$
Modular arithmetic	s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} a \bmod b	$s_k\equiv 0(\mathrm{mod}m)$ $amodb$
Derivatives	\nabla \; \partial x \; dx \; \dot x \; \ddot y	$\mathrm{\nabla }\partial xdx\dot{x}\ddot{y}$
Sets (Square symbols may not work for some wikis)	\forall \; \exists \; \empty \; \emptyset \; \varnothing \in \ni \not\in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus	$\mathrm{\forall }\mathrm{\exists }\mathrm{\varnothing }\mathrm{\varnothing }\varnothing \in \ni \in ̸\notin$ $\subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup ⨄$
	\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup	$⊏⊑⊐⊒\sqcap \bigsqcup ⨆$
Logic	p \land \wedge \; \bigwedge \; \bar{q} \to p\ lor \vee \; \bigvee \; \lnot \; \neg q \; \setminus \; \smallsetminus	$p\wedge \wedge \bigwedge \overline{q}\to p\vee \vee \bigvee \mathrm{\neg }\mathrm{\neg }q\setminus \setminus$
Root	\sqrt{2}\approx 1.4	$\sqrt{2}\approx 1.4$
	\sqrt[n]{x}	$\sqrt[n]{x}$
Relations	\sim \; \approx \; \simeq \; \cong \; \le \; < \; \ge \; > \; \equiv \; \not\equiv \; \ne \; \propto \; \pm \; \mp	$\sim \approx \simeq \cong \le <\ge >\equiv \equiv ̸\ne \propto \pm \mp$
Geometric	\Diamond \; \Box \; \triangle \; \angle \; \perp \; \mid \; \nmid \; \| \; 45^\circ	$◊◻\mathrm{△}\mathrm{\angle }\perp \mid \nmid \Vert 45^{\circ }$
Arrows (Harpoons may not work for some wikis)	\leftarrow \; \gets \; \rightarrow \; \to \; \leftrightarrow \longleftarrow \; \longrightarrow \mapsto \; \longmapsto \; \hookrightarrow \; \hookleftarrow \nearrow \; \searrow \; \swarrow \; \nwarrow \uparrow \; \downarrow \; \updownarrow	$\leftarrow \leftarrow \to \to \leftrightarrow$ $⟵⟶$ $\mapsto ⟼\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow$ $\nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow$ $\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow$
	\rightharpoonup \; \rightharpoondown \; \leftharpoonup \; \leftharpoondown \; \upharpoonleft \; \upharpoonright \; \downharpoonleft \; \downharpoonright	$\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright$
	\Leftarrow \; \Rightarrow \; \Leftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \; \Longrightarrow \; \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff) \Uparrow \; \Downarrow \; \Updownarrow	$\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \iff$ $⟸⟹⟺(or⟺)$ $\Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow$
Special	\eth \; \S \; \P \; \% \; \dagger \; \ddagger \; \star \; * \; \ldots \smile \frown \wr \oplus \bigoplus \otimes \bigotimes \times \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \; \hbar \; \ell \; \mho \; \Finv \; \Re \; \Im \; \wp \; \complement \quad \diamondsuit \; \heartsuit \; \clubsuit \; \spadesuit \; \Game \quad \flat \; \natural \; \sharp	$\mathrm{ð}\mathrm{\S }\P \mathrm{\%}†‡\star *\dots$ $⌣⌢\wr \oplus ⨁\otimes ⨂$ $\times \cdot \circ \bullet ⨀◃▹\mathrm{\infty }\mathrm{\perp }\mathrm{\top }⊢\models ⊩\models \Vert \Vert$ $ı\hslash \ell \mho Ⅎ\mathrm{\Re }\mathrm{\Im }\mathrm{\wp }\complement \mathrm{♢}\mathrm{♡}\mathrm{♣}\mathrm{♠}⅁\mathrm{♭}\mathrm{♮}\mathrm{♯}$
Lowercase \mathcal has some extras	\mathcal {45abcdenpqstuvwx}	${𝟒}{𝟓}{𝒶}{𝒷}{𝒸}{𝒹}{ℯ}{𝓃}{𝓅}{𝓆}{𝓈}{𝓉}{𝓊}{𝓋}{𝓌}{𝓍}$

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
		HTML	PNG
Superscript	a^2	$a^2$	$a^2$
Subscript	a_2	$a_2$	$a_2$
Grouping	a^{2+2}	$a^{2+2}$	$a^{2+2}$
	a_{i,j}	$a_{i,j}$	$a_{i,j}$
Combining sub & super	x_2^3	$x_2^3$
Preceding sub & super	{}_1^2\!X_3^4	${}_1^2{X}_3^4$
Derivative (good)	x', y''	$x^{\prime },y^{″}$	$x^{\prime },y^{″}$
Derivative (wrong in HTML)	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$
Derivative (wrong in PNG)	x\prime, y\prime\prime	$x\prime ,y\prime \prime$	$x\prime ,y\prime \prime$
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}	$\dot{x},\ddot{x}$
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c \ \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} \ \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}	$\hat{a}\overline{b}\overrightarrow{c}\overrightarrow{ab}\overleftarrow{cd}\widehat{def}\overline{ghi}\underset{\_}{jkl}$
Overbraces	\begin{matrix} 5050 \\ \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 } \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}5050\\ \overbrace{1+2+\cdots +100}\end{array}$
Underbraces	\begin{matrix} \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z } \\ 26 \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\underbrace{a+b+\cdots +z}\\ 26\end{array}$
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\sum _{k=1}^N{k}^2$
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\prod _{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\coprod _{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }{x}_n$
Integral	\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$
Double integral	\iint_{D}^{W} \, dx\,dy	$\underset{D}{\overset{W}{\iint }}dxdy$
Triple integral	\iiint_{E}^{V} \, dx\,dy\,dz	$\underset{E}{\overset{V}{\iiint }}dxdydz$
Quadruple integral	\iiiint_{F}^{U} \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt	$\underset{F}{\overset{U}{⨌}}dxdydzdt$
Path integral	\oint_{C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	${\oint }_C{x}^{3}dx+4y^{2}dy$
Intersections	\bigcap_1^{n} p	$\bigcap _1^{n}p$
Unions	\bigcup_1^{k} p	$\bigcup _1^{k}p$

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Fractions	\frac{2}{4} or {2 \over 4}	$\frac{2}{4}$
Binomial coefficients	{n \choose k}	$(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})$
Small Fractions	\begin{matrix} \frac{2}{4} \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\frac{2}{4}\end{array}$
Matrices	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}$
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}	$\left|\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right|$
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}	$\Vert \begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\Vert$
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0\end{bmatrix}	$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& \cdots & 0\\ ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ 0& \cdots & 0\end{array}\right]$
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}	$\left\{\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right\}$
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}	$\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right)$
Case distinctions	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}	$f(n)=\{\begin{array}{ll}n/2,& \text{if }n\text{ is even}\\ 3n+1,& \text{if }n\text{ is odd}\end{array}$
Multiline equations	\begin{matrix}f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2 \\ \ & = & n^2 + 2n + 1 \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{ccc}f(n+1)& =& (n+1{)}^2\\ & =& n^2+2n+1\end{array}$
Alternative multiline equations (using tables)	{| |- |<math>f(n+1)</math> |<math>=(n+1)^2</math> |- | |<math>=n^2 + 2n + 1</math> |}	$f(n+1)$ $=(n+1{)}^2$ $=n^2+2n+1$

Fonts

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Greek alphabet (Note the lack of omicron; note also that several upper case Greek letters are rendered identically to the corresponding Roman ones)	\Alpha\ \Beta\ \Gamma\ \Delta\ \Epsilon\ \Zeta\ \Eta\ \Theta\ \Iota\ \Kappa\ \Lambda\ \Mu\ \Nu\ \Xi\ \Pi\ \Rho\ \Sigma\ \Tau\ \Upsilon\ \Phi\ \Chi\ \Psi\ \Omega \alpha\ \beta\ \gamma\ \delta\ \epsilon\ \zeta\ \eta\ \theta\ \iota\ \kappa\ \lambda\ \mu\ \nu\ \xi\ \pi\ \rho\ \sigma\ \tau\ \upsilon\ \phi\ \chi\ \psi\ \omega \varepsilon\ \digamma\ \vartheta\ \varkappa\ \varpi\ \varrho\ \varsigma\ \varphi	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{E}\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{I}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{\Xi }\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{P}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{T}\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{X}\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Omega }$ $\alpha \beta \gamma \delta ϵ\zeta \eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \upsilon \varphi \chi \psi \omega$ $\epsilon ϝ\vartheta \varkappa \varpi \varrho \varsigma \phi$
Blackboard bold	x\in\mathbb{R}\sub\mathbb{C}	$x\in \mathbb{ℝ}\subset \mathbb{ℂ}$
boldface (vectors)	\mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{y} = 0	$\mathbf{𝐱}\cdot \mathbf{𝐲}=0$
boldface (greek)	\boldsymbol{\alpha} + \boldsymbol{\beta} + \boldsymbol{\gamma}	$\mathit{\alpha }+\mathit{\beta }+\mathit{\gamma }$
italics	\mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234}	${A}{B}{C}{D}{E}{a}{b}{c}{d}{e}{1}{2}{3}{4}$
Roman typeface	\mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234}	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{1}\mathrm{2}\mathrm{3}\mathrm{4}$
Fraktur typeface	\mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234}	$\mathfrak{𝔄}\mathfrak{𝔅}\mathfrak{ℭ}\mathfrak{𝔇}\mathfrak{𝔈}\mathfrak{𝔞}\mathfrak{𝔟}\mathfrak{𝔠}\mathfrak{𝔡}\mathfrak{𝔢}\mathfrak{1}\mathfrak{2}\mathfrak{3}\mathfrak{4}$
Calligraphy/Script	\mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234}	${𝒜}{ℬ}{𝒞}{𝒟}{ℰ}{𝒶}{𝒷}{𝒸}{𝒹}{ℯ}{𝟏}{𝟐}{𝟑}{𝟒}$
Hebrew	\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth	$\mathrm{\aleph }\beth \gimel \daleth$
non-italicised characters	\mbox{abc}	$\text{abc}$	$\text{abc}$
mixed italics (bad)	\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$
mixed italics (good)	\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}	$\text{if }n\text{ is even}$	$\text{if }n\text{ is even}$

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Not good	( \frac{1}{2} )	$(\frac{1}{2})$
Better	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )	$\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )	$\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack	$\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]$
Braces	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace	$\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}$
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle	$⟨\frac{a}{b}⟩$
Bars and double bars	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|	$\left|\frac{a}{b}\right|\Vert \frac{c}{d}\Vert$
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil	$\lfloor \frac{a}{b}\rfloor \lceil \frac{c}{d}\rceil$
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash	$/\frac{a}{b}\backslash$
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow	$\uparrow \frac{a}{b}\downarrow \Uparrow \frac{a}{b}\Downarrow \updownarrow \frac{a}{b}\Updownarrow$
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right match	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right |	$[0,1)$ $⟨\psi |$
Use \left. and \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X	$\frac{A}{B}\}\to X$
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]	$\left(\right(\left(\right(...\left]\right]\left]\right]$
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle	$\left\{\right\{\left\{\right\{...⟩⟩⟩⟩$
	\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| ... \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|	$\Vert \Vert \Vert \Vert ...\left|\right|\left|\right|$
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil	$\lfloor \lfloor \lfloor \lfloor ...\rceil \rceil \rceil \rceil$
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow	$\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow ...\Downarrow \Downarrow \Downarrow \Downarrow$

Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
double quad space	a \qquad b	$ab$
quad space	a \quad b	$ab$
text space	a\ b	$ab$
text space without PNG conversion	a \mbox{ } b	$ab$
large space	a\;b	$ab$
medium space	a\>b	[not supported]
small space	a\,b	$ab$
no space	ab	$ab$
negative space	a\!b	$ab$

Align with normal text flow

Due to the default css

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like $\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$ should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <font style="vertical-align:-100%;"><math>...</math></font> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Forced PNG rendering

To force the formula to render as PNG, add \, (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in preferences).

You can also use \,\! (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This does force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike \,.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:

Syntax	How it looks rendered
a^{c+2}	$a^{c+2}$
a^{c+2} \,	$a^{c+2}$
a^{\,\!c+2}	$a^{c+2}$
a^{b^{c+2}}	$a^{b^{c+2}}$ (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}} \,	$a^{b^{c+2}}$ (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5	$a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5$ (due to "$\approx$" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}	$a^{b^{c+2}}$
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \,	$\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \,\!	$\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$

This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

<!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.-->

Examples

$a{x}^2+bx+c=0$

$x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$

$(3-x)\times \left(\frac{2}{3-x}\right)=(3-x)\times \left(\frac{3}{2-x}\right)$

$2=\left(\frac{(3-x)\times 3}{2-x}\right)$

$4-2x=9-3x$

$-2x+3x=9-4$

$\underset{a}{\overset{x}{\int }}\underset{a}{\overset{s}{\int }}f(y)dyds=\underset{a}{\overset{x}{\int }}f(y)(x-y)dy$

$\sum _{m=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{m^{2}n}{3^m(m{3}^n+n{3}^m)}$

$u^{″}+p(x)u^{\prime }+q(x)u=f(x),x>a$

$|\overline{z}|=|z|,|(\overline{z}{)}^n|=|z{|}^n,arg(z^n)=narg(z)$

$\underset{z\to z_0}{\lim }f(z)=f(z_0)$

${\varphi }_n(\kappa )=\frac{1}{4{\pi }^2{\kappa }^2}\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}\frac{\sin (\kappa R)}{\kappa R}\frac{\partial }{\partial R}\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]dR$

$\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}{x}^{\alpha }\sin (x)dx=2^{\alpha }\sqrt{\pi }\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\alpha }{2}+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\alpha }{2})}$

${\varphi }_n(\kappa )=0.033C_n^2{\kappa }^{-11/3},\frac{1}{L_0}<<\kappa <<\frac{1}{l_0}$

$f(x)=\frac{a_0}{2}+\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_n\cos (\frac{2n\pi x}{T})+b_n\sin (\frac{2n\pi x}{T})$

$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1& -1\le x<0\\ \frac{1}{2}& x=0\\ x& 0<x\le 1\end{array}$

$\mathrm{\Gamma }(z)=\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}{e}^{-t}{t}^{z-1}dt$

$J_p(z)=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(-1{)}^k{\left(\frac{z}{2}\right)}^{2k+p}}{k!\mathrm{\Gamma }(k+p+1)}$

${}_p{F}_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(a_1{)}_n\cdot \cdot \cdot (a_p{)}_n}{(c_1{)}_n\cdot \cdot \cdot (c_q{)}_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}$

$\mathrm{\Gamma }(n+1)=n\mathrm{\Gamma }(n),n>0$

$\underset{0}{\overset{1}{\int }}\frac{1}{\sqrt{-lnx}}dx$

$\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}{e}^{-st}{t}^{x-1}dt,s>0$

$B(u)=\sum _{k=0}^N{P}_k\frac{N!}{k!(N-k)!}{u}^k(1-u{)}^{N-k}$